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| birth_place =Crescent, Oklahoma, U.S. | occupation = Soldier | nationality = American |module = |known_for = Classified document disclosures to Wikileaks | criminal_charge = Violating the Espionage Act, stealing government property, violation of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, multiple counts of disobeying orders〔 | criminal_penalty = 35 years in prison, reduction in rank to private (private E-1 or PVT), forfeiture of all pay and allowances, dishonorable discharge〔 | parents = | signature =Chelsea Manning signature.svg |signature_alt = signature | signature_size = 135 }} Chelsea Elizabeth Manning (born Bradley Edward Manning, December 17, 1987) is a United States Army soldier who was convicted in July 2013 of violations of the Espionage Act and other offenses, after disclosing to WikiLeaks nearly three-quarters of a million classified or unclassified but sensitive military and diplomatic documents. Manning was sentenced in August 2013 to 35 years' imprisonment, with the possibility of parole in the eighth year, and to be dishonorably discharged from the Army.〔Tate, Julie. ("Judge sentences Bradley Manning to 35 years" ), ''The Washington Post'', August 21, 2013. * For possible release after eight years, see Sledge, Matt. ("Bradley Manning Sentenced To 35 Years In Prison For WikiLeaks Disclosures " ), ''Huffington Post'', August 21, 2013.〕 Manning is a trans woman who, in a statement the day after sentencing, said she had felt female since childhood, wanted to be known as Chelsea, and desired to begin hormone replacement therapy.〔Manning, Chelsea E. ("The Next Stage of My Life" ), press release, August 22, 2013: "As I transition into this next phase of my life, I want everyone to know the real me. I am Chelsea Manning. I am a female. Given the way that I feel, and have felt since childhood, I want to begin hormone therapy as soon as possible. ... I also request that, starting today, you refer to me by my new name and use the feminine pronoun (except in official mail to the confinement facility). ... Thank you, Chelsea E. Manning" * Stamp, Scott. ("Bradley Manning: I want to live as a woman" ), NBC ''Today'', August 22, 2013. * Blake, Aaron and Tate, Julie. ("Bradley Manning comes out as transgender: ‘I am a female’" ), ''The Washington Post'', August 22, 2013. * Coombs, David. ("Additional Clarification on PVT Manning's Request" ), The Law Offices of David E. Coombs, August 26, 2013: "... PVT Manning, who has experienced gender dysphoria and gone through a process of gender questioning and exploration for years, announced that she would like to begin to be known publicly by the name of Chelsea Elizabeth Manning ..." * 〕 From early life and through much of her Army life, Manning was known as Bradley; she was diagnosed with gender identity disorder while in the Army. Assigned in 2009 to an Army unit in Iraq as an intelligence analyst, Manning had access to classified databases. In early 2010, she leaked classified information to WikiLeaks and confided this to Adrian Lamo, an online acquaintance. Lamo informed Army Counterintelligence, and Manning was arrested in May that same year. The material included videos of the July 12, 2007 Baghdad airstrike, and the 2009 Granai airstrike in Afghanistan; 251,287 U.S. diplomatic cables; and 482,832 Army reports that came to be known as the Iraq War Logs and Afghan War Diary. Much of the material was published by WikiLeaks or its media partners between April and November 2010.〔Leigh and Harding 2011, pp. 194ff, 211. * For the Afghan and Iraq War logs, see Nicks 2012, p. 137. * For Manning's referring to the documents, see (Poulsen and Zetter, June 6, 2010 ), (Hansen, July 13, 2011 ), and (Manning, January 29, 2013 ).〕 Manning was ultimately charged with 22 offenses, including aiding the enemy, which was the most serious charge and could have resulted in a death sentence.〔(Nicks, September 23, 2010 ). * For the initial charges, see ("Soldier faces criminal charges" ), United States Division – Center, Media Release, July 6, 2010. * Also see ("Charge sheet" ), ''Cryptome''; and ("Charge sheet" ), ''The Washington Post''. * For the additional charges, see Miklaszewski, Jim and Kube, Courtney. ("Manning faces new charges, possible death penalty" ), MSNBC, March 2, 2011.〕 She was held at the Marine Corps Brig, Quantico in Virginia, from July 2010 to April 2011 under Prevention of Injury status—which entailed ''de facto'' solitary confinement and other restrictions that caused domestic and international concern—before being transferred to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, where she could interact with other detainees.〔For the letter from the legal scholars, see Ackerman, Bruce and Benkler, Yochai. ("Private Manning’s Humiliation" ), ''The New York Review of Books''. Retrieved April 5, 2011 (see a later correction here ()). * For the jail transfer, see ("WikiLeaks Suspect Transferred to Fort Leavenworth" ), Associated Press, April 20, 2011.〕 She pleaded guilty in February 2013 to 10 of the charges.〔("Judge accepts Manning's guilty pleas in WikiLeaks case" ), CBS News, February 28, 2013.〕 The trial on the remaining charges began on June 3, 2013, and on July 30 she was convicted of 17 of the original charges and amended versions of four others, but was acquitted of aiding the enemy.〔Tate, Julie and Londoño, Ernesto. ("Bradley Manning found not guilty of aiding the enemy, convicted on other charges" ), ''The Washington Post'', July 30, 2013. * Londoño, Ernesto; Rolfe, Rebecca; and Tate, Julie. ("Verdict in Bradley Manning case" ), ''The Washington Post'', July 30, 2013. * Savage, Charlie. ("Manning Acquitted of Aiding the Enemy" ), ''The New York Times'', July 30, 2013. * Pilkington, Ed. ("Bradley Manning verdict: cleared of 'aiding the enemy' but guilty of other charges" ), ''The Guardian'', July 31, 2013: "the soldier was found guilty in their entirety of 17 out of the 22 counts against him, and of an amended version of four others."〕 She is serving a 35-year sentence at the maximum-security U.S. Disciplinary Barracks at Fort Leavenworth.〔Hanna, John. ("Manning to Serve Sentence at Famous Leavenworth" ), Associated Press, August 21, 2013.〕 Reaction to Manning's disclosures, arrest, and sentence was mixed. Denver Nicks, one of her biographers, writes that the leaked material, particularly the diplomatic cables, was widely seen as a catalyst for the Arab Spring that began in December 2010, and that Manning was viewed as both a 21st-century Tiananmen Square Tank Man and an embittered traitor.〔For the comparisons, see Nicks 2012, p. 3, and for the Arab Spring, pp. 212–216.〕 Reporters Without Borders condemned the length of the sentence, saying that it demonstrated how vulnerable whistleblowers are.〔("Lengthy prison term for Bradley Manning" ), Reporters Without Borders, August 21, 2013.〕 ==Background== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Chelsea Manning」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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